September 11, 2001 Essay Example for Free

September 11, 2001 Essay On September 11, 2001 before 9:58am Eastern Central Time, the world changed forever. It is not overly dramatic to state this. America and the West is now faced with a new and highly dangerous enemy who hijacked planes and a religion in order to spread their blurred message of a new Islam in which all who do not believe as they do, are meant to meet a cruel death. It does not matter to these hijackers that 99% of Muslims do not adhere to these principles and who have openly condemned the actions of the violent minority. What only matters is the idea that America supports Israel and therefore is evil. America yields too much freedom to their people and as a result, is seen as a threat to Muslim countries. On September 11, 2001 in New York City, The Pentagon in Washington and in a field in Pennsylvania, the terrorists added to their long list of attacks on the West. There have been multiple attacks by Islamic terrorists before 9/11 and many more in the years since. Many of these attacks have been attributed to, either by various factions of the American government, or by the terrorists themselves who call themselves Al-Qaeda. The history of this terrorist group is relatively new in the history of Islamic terrorists but which have contributed a great deal to the West’s perception that Muslims sponsor terrorists in its many forms and that the Qu’ran supports it. What also is not in doubt is the way in which life in America has been changed while this society is at war. In every war, America has tightened its civil liberties in one form or another in order to put the successful completion of the war at the top of its list of proprieties. There has been a segment of the population that has decried these actions of the government. This is not a debate as to which sides are right and what, if any measures need to be taken in order that the war meets its swift and successful completion. This report is to analysis the ways in which the attacks on 9/11 have affected America, the justification that Al-Qaeda gave for their attacks and the response that America has given, both in the Middle East and here in America. The war continues and as long as it continues and American seeks to end Islamic extremists from their quest to entice a holy war through their murder of innocent people in Madrid, London, New York, Yemen, various parts of Africa and Bali as well as failed attempts recently at JFK airport where five African nationalists sought to blow up the airport but which was fortunately stopped. (Pearson, 2007 pg. A4) It seems like a necessary aspect of future life in America as the dangers of terrorists, both home grown and abroad who seek to disrupt and kill Americans which has prompted a tightening of the civil liberties in this country. As a result, in a time of war, certain changes to the way in which we live, are imposed on the general public by the government. After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the country wanted to know the: who, what, where and why of this most tragic event. Not since the bombing of Pearl Harbor had America been hit with such a blow from an overseas source. In the coming days, it was presumed by the government that Osama Bin Laden and the terrorist group Al Qaeda was responsible for the attacks. Despite the initial refusal to take credit or blame for the attacks by Bin Laden who stated in the immediate days following the attacks: â€Å"I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation,† soon changed into a proud proclamation of the responsibility which the government had known all along, belonged to Osama Bin Laden and the terrorist group Al Qaeda. Michaels, 2002 pg 108) It them fell upon the CIA and other various governmental groups who were part of the 7,000 member terrorist reaction force of the government to gather as much information about the above mentioned in order to help orchestrate a response, as well as being able to tell the public some important background information about a group, which before 9/11, few people had really known much about. (Page 2005 pg. A16) The origins of Al Qaeda date back to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. (Michaels, 2002 pg. 339) This was a highly controversial action on the part of the Soviet Union which eventually prompted President Carter to boycott the 1980 Olympics which were to be taking place in Moscow that summer. After the invasion, a young Osama Bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan in order to join forces with the Afghan troops in dispelling the Soviets from their lands. After a very expensive war which took more than nine years, the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan and the force which was credited with this surprise victory, was soon labeled Al Qaeda. The mission statement of Al Qaeda consisted of three main points. They were their disapproval of what they considered to be US aggression towards the Iraqi people during the Persian Gulf War of 1991, the US military occupation of the Arabian Peninsula and most of all, America’s support for Israel. Due to the fact that at that time, America regarded the Soviet Union as being by far, the worse and more powerful of possible aggressors to the United States that Afghanistan or Al Qaeda could ever be, it is believed that support was given to Bin Laden in the form of guns and other supplies. Peter Bergan, the celebrated CNN journalist and one of the first in the West to interview Osama Bin Laden, commented on the idea that America was somehow to blame for the aggression which Bin Laden showed to America on September 11 and other terrorist attacks on America during the 1990’s. â€Å"The story about bin Laden and the CIA- that the CIA funded bin Laden or trained bin Laden- is simply a folk myth Bin Laden has his own money, he was anti-American and he was operating secretly and independently. The real story here is the CIA did not understand who Osama bin Laden was until 1996, when they set up a unit to really start tracking him. † (CNN, 2003) The latter part of this statement is definitely true. One of the fundamental flaws of both the Clinton and now Bush administrations was the inability of the government to understand that region of the world: the Middle East and how it operates, thinks and functions. In failing to do so, the war in Iraq as well as other factions of the war on terror, are at a severe disadvantage. The real hatred that bin Laden had for America came during the Gulf War of 1991. â€Å"When Saudi Arabia allowed the American military to work from their air and land space against Iraq, despite the fact that bin Laden was no friend of Iraq at that time and even offered his services to Saudi Arabia in the event of an attack by Iraq, bin Laden vowed to carry out strikes towards the United States and relations both the Saudi Arabia government, its royal family, as well as his own family who would soon come to disowned him. (CNN, 2003) What was clear and unmistakable was the fact that in the years leading up to 9/11, Al Qaeda would make itself known to the United States to such a degree that in the immediate days after 9/11 there was little doubt as to who was responsible for the attacks. The government and others around the world was able to support their first impressions only days after the attack with a plethora of proof of past attacks and harmful and hateful rhetoric towards the United States of America. One of the earliest attacks after the Gulf War was the bombing of the World Trade Centers in January of 1993. Ramzi Yousef used a truck bomb housed in the basement of the World Trade Center in an attempt to bring the massive structure down. Six people were killed and another 1,042 were injured. $300 million in damage had occurred but luckily, the structure was not destroyed. (Michaels, 2002 pg. 145) Yousef was eventually captured in Pakistan. In 1996, bin Laden, despite the lack of credentials within Islam to give such an edict, gave a fatwa or a religious edict which amounted to a declaration of war against the United States and all of its allies. Another fatwa was given on February 23, 1998 which stated: â€Å"The ruling to kill Americans and their allies-civilians and military- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem and the holy mosque in Makka from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all of the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim†(CNN 2003) This was not the official stance of Islam because bin Laden did not possess the necessary credentials within Islam to give such an edict. In October 2000, Al Qaeda militants in Yemen bombed the missile destroyer the USS Cole in a suicide attack in which 17 servicemen and women were killed. The ship was damaged a great deal and the success of the attacks helped to embolden Al Qaeda for an attack on an even larger scale in the following year to occur. 9/11 was now being planned for a specific date to be fulfilled as soon as possible. After the attack on September 11, 2001, on September 27, 2001, the names and faces of the 19 hijackers were sent to the press, released by the FBI as part of their massive 7000 member force. The United States and soon to follow the United Kingdom placed their blame squarely upon the hands of bin Laden and Al Qaeda. This quick assertion as to who was to blame for the attacks stemmed in part to the various fatwas that bin Laden had sent to the United States as well, specifically the 1998 fatwa which called for the killing of American civilians on a large scale. Also, despite the fact that bin Laden originally rejected the idea that he was behind the attacks, in November 201, the US forces recovered a videotape which was retrieved from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan in which it records bin Laden admits foreknowledge of the attacks. On December 27, 2001, a second bin Laden tape was released to the press in which he stated: â€Å"Terrorism against America deserved to be praised because it was a response to injustice aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel which kills our people. (Dobbs 2005) In other video tapes messages, some dated as recently as 2005, bin Laden confessed that he had personally directed the 19 hijackers and encouraged similar and future attacks to take place on not only America but in the West. This would soon come to fruition when a train bomb in Madrid killed 200 innocent commuters and over 190 were killed in Bali, an island off the coast of Indonesia in 2002. Other attacks in London and further attempts to attack America in multiple plans which have since been stopped has convinced many in America, as well as the American government, that new and strong measures must be taken in order to ensure the future safety of all American citizens. This increased protection has come in the form of the Department of Homeland Security and the Patriot Act as being the most famous and self encompassing laws which the government has passed since the attacks on September 11th. One of the direct results of September 11 came in the form of governmental reaction and a desire to tighten the laws which had not functioned properly in the pursuit of keeping Americans safe which it states in the Constitution, is one of the most important functions of the government. The Patriot Act was passed only forty five days after the attacks on 9/11 which in comparison to the length of time it takes to pass any type of bill in Congress, this was done at lightening speed. The Patriot Act increases the ability of the federal government to enforce laws and to search telephone and email conservations and to spy on any that are deemed to be of a suspicious nature which may be harmful to the security of the United States and its allies. As a result, communication, financial, medical and other records; any records which are of a private nature are at the disposal of the American government when it is believed that its owner is either directly involved in or which contributes to any terrorist activity which puts the safety of America in jeopardy. Despite the controversial aspects of the bill, it was renewed on December 31, 2005. The Patriot Act is divided up into ten different titles or areas of interest which the newly formed Department of Homeland Security now has jurisdiction over these additions. They include terrorism, strengthening the borders, to crack down on international money laundering, strengthen the laws against terrorism, and enhance surveillance procedures and to improve intelligence and to provide for victims of terrorism and to promote the public safety of officers and their families. The last title, Title X states only: Miscellaneous. It is the vagueness of this and other aspects of the Patriot Act which has many at the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) and others who are weary of government’s role in the lives of average Americans, which prompts outrage towards such expansions of the government’s power and control. The sheer majority of those who would criticize the government is no friends of terrorism and wants terrorism to be kept away from America’s shores. However, they are highly critical of the Patriot Act as they believe that when given additional power, more power from the government at the expense of the freedoms of the people, will be compromised. One example of this was the highly controversial surveillance program which President Bush used to spy on the email and phone conversations of hundreds of suspected terrorists or advocates of terrorism who were either making calls from or to America. Before the Patriot Act, any such surveillance programs would first require a court order. â€Å"During the Clinton Administration, more than a thousand such court orders were given to legally spy on the conversations of suspicious people. † (Michaels, 2002 pg. 87) President Bush felt that, and there were many to disagree, that under the increased powers which the Patriot Act gives the President, such court orders are unnecessary and only hamper the business of the government’s desire to keep America safe. Upon hearing this, many in Congress as well as their constitutions called for formal charges to be presented against the President. To date, no such charges which has been forthcoming? The Patriot Act falls under the large r government post called the Department of Homeland Security. Under this newly formed governmental organization, additional organizations were added to the government. The criticisms which are levied towards the Department of Homeland Security are two fold: One, it is seen by many as an intrusion on the average American’s civil liberties. Second, it is seen as simply an extension of ineffective governmental autocracy with their dealing of Hurricane Katrina being one of the worst examples. Since its formation only three short years ago, the Department of Homeland Security has been blamed for putting into practice, the surveillance of hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who 99% of the time, end up having no possible connection to terrorism of any kind. These operations cost the government billions of dollars and serves as a further fleecing of America as viewed by many. Also, despite its ability to foil plans of numerous plots to bring damage to the United States through the form of another terrorist attacks, new reports often emerge about the incompetence of the Department of Homeland Security. In August 2006, a bipartisan group of senators on the Appropriations Committee described the Sciences and Technology Directorate, the department which is in charge of the research for the Department of Homeland Security, as â€Å"a rudderless ship without a clear way to get back on course†. Michaels, 2002 pg. 199) However, this has not stopped the Department of Homeland Security from making public, the successes of the government who, by the end of 2004, had captured 368 individuals who were formally charged in criminal terrorist activities. The chief critics of Homeland Security, the ACLU, has stated that in these arrests, the gover nment has overstepped its boundaries and that such search and seizures tactics are unconstitutional as well as not being in the best interest of the American people. Since the war in Iraq not going as swiftly as promised, public support for the Patriot Act has faltered. In January of 2002, 47% of Americans were in favor of added measures by the government to stop terrorism, even if it meant the suspension of civil liberties. Two years later, in February of 2004, that number has dropped to 31% and is expected to further decrease. ( Page 2005 pg. A16) On September 11, 2001, the world as we know it changed forever. All those who were alive on that day will forever be able to tell their children and grandchildren where they were when they heard the news that America has come under attack by extremists as an attempt to bring America into subjugation towards their ideologies about the world. In the immediate months after the 9/11 the country was united against those who would seek to impose their ideology upon a democratic nation by way of terrorist attacks. In that surge of patriotism, the Patriot Act was passed which gave far reaching powers to the federal government in the form of increased power to regulate phone and email conversations as well as impose their will upon whomever the federal government felt was in league with terrorists in any way. These increased measures by the government has brought a lot of criticism from average Americans who are weary about this sudden and dramatic increase in the power of the federal government and see a furthering of the fleecing and ineffective use of the taxpayers’ money in the pursuit of these terrorists. Some derive this feeling from a disbelief in the severe motivations of the terrorists who have struck all around the world. Others derive these feelings because they so intensely hate the current administration and feel that nothing that they do is ever right or good enough. However, the majority who criticize the rapid increase in the government in this way, know all too well that the government runs like a highly ineffective and inefficient machine and that any efforts to stop the spread of terrorism to America, will come at a price of billions of wasted dollars, millions of hours of wasted time and to date, hundreds of people who have been sent to prison without the benefit of being formally charged, come to this new war on terror in the form of collateral damage. Some say that this is to be expected in a time of war. Others say that the federal government has gone too far in the expansion of their power in order to combat terrorism which it is felt, is not entirely true but that the spying of average Americans is the government’s true aim. Whatever the truth, all agree that another terrorist attack, similar to 9/11 must be avoided and that what happened on that day, which is still fresh in the minds of those who refuse to forget those who perished on that Tuesday morning; some jumping 1000 feet to their death, that those people should not have died in vain. To do nothing and hope that another attack will not come to American soil, does do a disservice to those who died and the pain that comes from the loss of a loved one. Al Qaeda is still alive and despite taking a major hit in Afghanistan, have since regrouped and have come back with a redoubled vigor as the troubles that America is having in Iraq seems to only embolden their cause. Whatever one believes about America’s roll in inviting these attacks or if such brutal hatred towards 3200 innocent men, women and children can have no justification as well as the more than 20 bombings accredited to Al Qaeda around the world or if the Patriot Act is seen as necessary or an intrusion of an ineffective and dishonest government, one must recognize that after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the world is a different and scarier place than it once was and it seems that in this new war on global Islamic terror, nobody is safe.

Why DsbA is Such an Oxidizing Disulfide Catalyst Essay -- Biology Enzy

"Why is DsbA Such an Oxidizing Disulfide Catalyst?" Introduction The importance of the DsbA enzyme is due to its protein-folding ability in Escherichia coli bacteria. Protein is an essential part of all forms of life. Genes code for proteins, both structural and enzymes responsible for the utilization of other macromolecules. All bodily functions, therefore, are dependent upon proteins. Every protein, or polypeptide chain, uses the amino acid cysteine, which contain dithiol molecules. IN E. coli, this reversible redox reaction takes place between the endoplasm in the center of the cell and the periplasm surrounding it (see figure A below). The endoplasm is a reduced environment which contains thioredoxin, the catalyst responsible for reducing disulfide molecules to dithiol and maintaining the reduced state of the endoplasm. The periplasm, on the other hand, is oxidized. It contains DsbA, which catalyzes the oxidation of dithiol to disulfide. Proteins essential for cell function are manufactured within the reduced endoplasm. After the polypeptide c hain has been formed, however, the macromolecule must fold into its tertiary structure, which is essential for function. This structure utilizes disulfide and hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds require the presence of oxygen, so the protein must enter an oxidized environment. The protein is exported into the periplasm, therefore, where disulfides are able to aid in the folding process. The finished protein is now able to function normally. Question While studying this process, the researchers noted that the structures of DsbA and thioredoxin are remarkably similar. What then, they wondered, is responsible for the difference in function between the two? Why does DsbA oxidize and thio... ..., has been disproved by several observations. One of these is that there is no evidence of strain in the active site disulfide of DsbA because all bond angles are close to optimal and when superimposed on the active site of the much less oxidizing thioredoxin, the position of the carbons match. His-32 also seems to play an important role in determining the oxidizing power of DsbA. His-32 is found in DsbA, and not in the less oxidizing thioredoxin. The effectiveness of DsbA as a catalyst depends on its redox potential, which can be easily measured, however, it also depends on the kinetics at which it participates in the disulfide interchanges, which is much more difficult to measure. The factors determining the redox potential of DsbA are becoming clear, but many questions still remain unanswered about how DsbA reoxidizes and how it kinetically interacts with proteins.

Become An Organ Donor

Research show that up to seven lives are accumulated (two lungs; one heart, pancreas, and liver; and two kidneys) for every individual who decides to donate an organ after death. Consequently, nine patients die each day due to organ shortage. If every healthy and competent individual is willing to donate an organ before or after death, then it is most likely to save an immense number of sick or dying patients and much more offer their respective families a sturdy relief for that so-called â€Å"gift of life.† (Lauritzen, McClure, Smith, & Trew, 2001) Organ donation has always been a controversial issue in the society especially among families who are against such perception. Health organizations such as the Center for Organ Recovery and Education and other Organ Procurement Organizations came up with the idea that the discretion with regard to organ donation apparently flows on the donor’s decision, thus making the family only get informed with the â€Å"documented wis h† of the donor (May, Aulisio, & DeVita, 2000).Surveys stress the idea that there are numerous accidents that occur per day and normally, these individuals would need organs to replace whatever it is that has been damaged (Joralemon & Cox, 2003). It may then be taken to assumption that out of the 37,000 Americans waiting to receive the â€Å"gift of life† (DeJong, 1995)—to restore their good health per se—it would be more efficient if there will be many who would voluntarily donate some of their organs even when they are still alive compared to that when they are already dead.As a matter of fact, there occurred Congress legislative proposals which are coherently adopted by the American Medical Association, the United Network for Organ Sharing and the American Society for Transplant Surgeons. In essence, through these laws, the families of the donors are to be given the assurance that â€Å"the body is dissociable from the self and can be treated like prop erty†¦these are proposals to compensate families for transplantable organs which are gathering momentum. † (Joralemon & Cox, 2003)It has also been observed that the number of organ donors surprisingly increased given the fact that the Congressional bill comprises to tax credits for cadaveric donations (Joralemon & Cox, 2003). Further, it would grant moderate incentives—funeral assistances—according to donor rate. The â€Å"pure altruism† consent of the organ donation system—meaning that it will be under the consent of the donor’s family—or that on the basis of â€Å"express consent†Ã¢â‚¬â€where the deceased’s documented wish where the next of kith and kin would not be able to supersede with the donor’s decision.In these kinds of system, the system would help save lives and one point or another; financially help those who are still living in a manner of â€Å"assurance-foundation. † (May et al. , 2000) There exists several risks on organ donation, like plastic surgery, the addressee is talked to decide over his or her own risk—though insurance policies are there to collide in form—thus it must be kept in mind that there will always be unexpected circumstances to surface (DeJong, 1995).With this, organ transplant schema would be assessed to be of mutual benefit over that of the recipient and the donor. Examples of organ and tissue donation include cornea, bone marrow, hearts, livers, lungs, pancreases, and spleens; and many more dependent on what is needed by the surgeon (Lauritzen et al. , 2001). The donations made are explicitly beneficial and helpful in all of humanity. However, like other occurrences, there are always these instances where the donation process takes a glitch on the procedure.Like what doctors say, not all surgeries are successful inasmuch as there is no total assurance that a cancer patient will not be saved. Hence these kinds of issues only take place when there are anticipated circumstances like the donor is suffering from heart disease or other illnesses which could gravely affect the procedure—but that is impossible to happen since the medical team are to make several tests and diagnoses first to be able to distinguish if a donor is capable to indeed â€Å"save another life. † (Lamb, 1980)Voluntarism may be perceived to be a form of a heroic act by any individual. Even if others may regard it for a stake of financial stakes, still the mere fact that the idea is to accumulate a life is far more important than placing a pedestal of clannish catastrophes. In a larger perspective, in the case of those who are brain-dead, there are families who prefer seeing their loved one help another person’s life, than to live in a life full of agony. Most likely, the â€Å"living donors† are not after for money alone, it is too rare that they ask for something in return after donating an organ.Basically, corne a and kidney donors honor their benevolence to see a person close to them live a little longer, or make one see through the nightfall—to make someone feel complete—dramatic but happening in a real-life scenario (Lauritzen et al. , 2001). Donating an organ in the contemporary society is no longer a hook-on-a-leash issue compared to that when the kidney transplant was first performed in 1954 for the sake of two identical twins. In the modern era, technology has paved a long way in the art of saving lives—or getting a new life out of somebody’s end of life.There may be other culture or religion who are still against the idea of â€Å"taking something† from a person’s body, but if they are to be educated and have them informed of the beauty that waits the recipient, they too would conceivably try donating their organ—whether they are still living or after death (Lauritzen et al. , 2001). In a future marker of this argument, it may be stre ssed that marketing is no longer limited to goods made by humans, even humans, whose only initial investment is their body, could give a better pay-off with the right people to attend to and seek for guidance (Joralemon & Cox, 2003).It is amazing to realize that healthcare has created this system, where normal people could be heroes, even if they couldn’t fly or read minds or make objects move. A driving force to live life through helping others, and gaining income by donating an organ—the feeling of fulfillment is imaginable. References DeJong, W. (1995). Options for Increasing Organ Donation: The Potential Role of Financial Incentives, Standardized Hospital Procedures, and Public Education to Promote Family Discussion. The Milbank Quarterly, 73(3), 10. Joralemon, D. , & Cox, P.(2003). Body Values: The Case against Compensating for Transplant Organs. The Hastings Center Report, 33(1), 13. Lamb, J. (1980). Organ Transplantation: Recognizing the Donor. The American Jour nal of Nursing, 80(9), 2. Lauritzen, P. , McClure, M. , Smith, M. L. , & Trew, A. (2001). The Gift of Life and the Common Good: The Need for a Communal Approach to Organ Procurement. The Hastings Center Report, 31(1), 6. May, T. , Aulisio, M. P. , & DeVita, M. A. (2000). Patients, Families, and Organ Donation: Who Should Decide? The Milbank Quarterly, 78(2), 4.

Minority Report Film Analysis - 1427 Words

The film Minority Report catalyzes a specific message through its usage of film effects and actors. Dystopian films are created through the film’s plot, often enforcing an over-arching method of government corruption and control through its setting, actors, and specific lighting. These key elements utilize the overall tone of the film, and it is the specific use of actors and technicians that ultimately set the film up for success. Minority Report exploits this usage of blocking and setting in order to create a successful dystopian film. In order for the movie’s plot be successful, a director must contemplate the use of its actors and plot devices in order to employ the use of tone which ultimately makes a movie effective in its overall†¦show more content†¦John Anderton, the police chief, is forced to not only flee from his position but prove the system that is never wrong has made a mistake. The movie sets up the premise of pre-crime, identifying its populari ty with safety. And the usage of character placement ultimately reinforces the idea that specific roles and actions must be in place in order for the scene to climax in a meaningful and powerful manner. The movie highlights these moments through the struggle of its main character—John Anderton— the police chief of the pre-crime system. Anderton runs the pre-crime system to prevent tragedy after the death of his own child. But after John becomes tagged for a future murder, he travels to clear his name. The usage of blocking is very important during the first climax of the film, where the characters and their emotional state are reveling in the hotel room. This specific scene uses a ton of blocks. In specific shots we can see where actors and props move around, in and out of focus, ultimately blocking the scene to make a point. Here, during the struggle and fight scene, the viewer shows specific characters and their relation to each other and the overall plot. An example of this is Agatha, her shot is completely blocking the camera, yet we can still see Anderton and Crow still fighting in the back. Agatha needs to be presented in a shot like this because it’s her vision that allows the scene to transpire inShow MoreRelatedMinority Report Film Analysis1070 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Spielberg’s 2002 science fiction mystery thriller Minority Report, is an interesting commentary on the age old struggle for human beings to find a balance between our desire for freedom and our need for security. The premise of the film is that in the future, 2954 to be exact, the city of Washington, D.C. has instituted a pre-crime police unit which harnesses the â€Å"powers† of three young people with precognition to detect murders before they happen. 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And while it may be seemingly impossible to change, this does not absolve us of our responsibility to critically examine a system that, like many others in our global economy, which can be classist, ageist and exploitative. Let’s look at the elephant in the room constructively, bravely, honestly and in the spirit of discovery. Before hearing the report on NPR today, I contemplated applyingRead MoreMedia s Negative Portrayal Of Minorities903 Words   |  4 Pagesthat technology is vital to the facilitation of everyday living. In today’s media, minorities are constantly being represented in a negative light. Those who fall victim to this tend to be Latinos and African Americans. In the news, there are many aired reports of acts of violence that are portrayed as being committed either by an African American or a Latino. Entertainment media also does its part in showing minorities through negative stereotypes and are underrepresented in important leading roles

Paul Robeson - 955 Words

Paul Robeson was a famous African American athlete, singer, actor and advocate for the civil rights of people around the world. He rose to prominence in a time when segregation was legal in America and black people were being lynched by white mobs, especially in the South. Born on April 9, 1898 in Princeton, New Jersey, Paul Robeson was the youngest of five children. His father was a runaway slave who went on to graduate from Lincoln University, and his mother came from a family of Quakers who worked for the abolition of slavery. His family was familiar with hardship and the determination to rise above it. His own life was no less challenging. In 1915, Paul won a four-year academic scholarship to Rutgers University. In spite of†¦show more content†¦It was greeted with the largest audience response since Orson Welles famous War of the Worlds. During the 1940s, Robeson continued to perform and speak out against racism in the U.S. and for peace among nations. As a passionate believer in international cooperation, Robeson protested the growing cold war hostilities and worked tirelessly for friendship and respect between the U.S. and the USSR. In 1945, he headed an organization that challenged President Truman to support an anti-lynching law. In the late 1940s, when dissent was scarcely tolerated in the U.S., Robeson openly questioned why African Americans should fight in the army of a government that tolerated violent racism. Because of his outspokenness, he was accused by the Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of being a Communist. Robeson saw this claim as an outright attack on the democratic rights of the many people like himself who work for friendship with other nations, and equal rights for all people. This accusation nearly ended his career. Eighty of his concerts were canceled, and in 1949 two outdoor con certs in Peekskill, N.Y. were attacked by white mobs while state police stood by complacently. In response, Robeson declared, I going to sing wherever the people want me to sing... and I wont be frightened by crosses burning in Peekskill or anywhere else. In 1950, the U.S. government revoked Robesons passport, leading to anShow MoreRelatedEssay on Paul Robeson906 Words   |  4 PagesPaul Robeson was a famous African American athlete, singer, actor and advocate for the civil rights of people around the world.   He rose to prominence in a time when segregation was legal in America and black people were being lynched by white mobs, especially in the South. Born on April 9, 1898 in Princeton, New Jersey, Paul Robeson was the youngest of five children.   His father was a runaway slave who went on to graduate from Lincoln University, and his mother came from a family of QuakersRead More Paul Robeson Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesPaul Robeson Paul Robeson as a scholar and athlete was a two-time All-American in football and baseball, a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and valedictorian of his high school and college class. As an entertainer he starred in eleven movies, five Broadway musicals, and sang in sold out concerts throughout the world in twenty-five different languages. As a statesman he became known as the citizen of the world, who spoke out whenever he saw social or racial injustices in any country, and spent hisRead MoreLena Mary Calhoun Horne : An Advocate For Civil Rights And The Abolition Of Segregation1065 Words   |  5 PagesCafà © Society nightclub, popular with both black and white artists and intellectuals. While performing at Cafà © Society, Lena began a friendship with Paul Robeson, an actor, singer, and political activist. Horne would also become acquainted with W.E.B. Du Bois, a long-time fixture in the African-American struggle for equality. Her contacts with Robeson and Du Bois led to her involvement in progressive organizations including the Council for African Affairs, Civil Rights Congress, and Progressive CitizensRead MoreAn Analysis Of Paul Robeson s The Power Of Negro Action 943 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst the essay by Paul Robeson and highlighting some of the most striking and interesting facets, followed by the chapter from Rhonda Williams where I will explore the connections to the chapter by Robeson, and lastly I will look at the essay from Andrea Friedman, where I will further note interesting facets of the reading as well as create ties to the aforementioned works. Paul Robeson’s chapter â€Å"The Power of Negro Action† is rather straightforward from the outset. Robeson is presenting an empoweringRead MoreJackie Robinson : African American Civil Rights Activist1181 Words   |  5 Pagesabout jobs and discrimination. Robeson, Paul. â€Å"You Are the Un-Americans, and You Ought to be Ashamed of Yourselves†. Testimony of Paul Robeson before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. 12 June. 1956. This is a transcript of Paul Robeson, an All-American football, became an actor and a political speaker. In 1949, Robeson was the cover of newspapers. There were public statements saying that African Americans would not fight in â€Å"an imperialist war.† Later, Robeson refused to sign proving thatRead MoreRacism in the American Society in the 1920s Essay example1000 Words   |  4 PagesBlacks always had a tough time, this is due to the stereotypical view that the people had of them. The whites believed that the Blacks were primitive, illiterate and criminals. However, this view was not true, a good example would be Paul Robeson who was the son of a former slave and passed his law exams with honours from Columbia University in 1923. White governments feared that the Blacks would take power, and so introduced many laws which took away their freedom (theyRead MoreThe Civil Rights Achievements Of The Famous African American Actor, Canada Lee1333 Words   |  6 Pagesbe omitted from the blacklist if he gave the name of Paul Robeson (a fellow Civil Rights activist and famous singer/actor) to the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS). However, Lee refused to give into this form of blackmail, which resulted in his being banned from all Hollywood films and theater work in the United States. This blacklisting would lead to the fall of his career during this historical period: The legacies of Paul Robeson and Canada Lee have been tainted by the blacklist machine;Read MoreAfrican American Vernacular1239 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Go down Moses† served a dual purpose during the times of slavery. Spirituals were used as a code between the slaves to aide with the task of attempting to escape slavery or the thought of escaping from bondage. â€Å"Go down Moses† first recorded by Paul Robeson, is a song riddled with ambiguous tones. On the surface, this song tells the story of the Israelites as slaves, which is found in the books of Genesis and Exodus. Moses was called by God to instruct Pharaoh to free the Israelites from the bondagesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello : Race And Performance6373 Words   |  26 Pagesjealousy, and betrayal, audiences to this day continue to be emotionally affected by Othello?s struggle. Not only will this essay illustrate racial issues within the text of the play itself, but also the black Shakespearean actors like Ira Aldridge, Paul Robeson, and James Earl Jones, who suffered severe racial discrimination and were still able to defy racial stereotypes throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the segregated United States, addressing how the actors were emotionally affectedRead MoreNigger : The Folklore Of His Life970 Words   |  4 Pagesadversity and have helped to dispel the myth of Black inferiority. No person was more influential in the world of music and sociopolitical issues that the incomparable Paul Leroy Robeson. Born to parents with different ancestral backgrounds, positioned to become subservient in a racist society, and overcoming tragedy at a young age, Robeson was emboldening in his resolve to succeed. Exceedingly proficient in his academic achievements, and an athlete that broke racial barriers with superb athleticism and

How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, and Halfie

The short story â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, and Halfie† by Junot Diaz is the main character, Yunior’s, guide to dating girls of different races and the ways to act in order to get what you want from them. The only thing Yunior seems to want for these girls is sexual acts. This short story argues that a person’s heritage, economic class, and race affect how a person identifies themselves, and how their identity affects how they act towards other people. The pressures a person may feel from society also has an effect on how a person treats themselves and others. The pressure and expectations from society are also what makes Yunior think he needs to have sex with these girls. There are many different occasions of the main†¦show more content†¦He acts differently towards his friends and other boys his age in the neighborhood. For example, when his friend refers to the girl Yunior is trying to date as ‘†that bitch†Ã¢ €™ Yunior only agrees with him (Diaz 236). He doesn’t defend them at all, which is an indication that he doesn’t care for these girls at all, only what they’ll do for him. He also says that he will call his friends and let them know ‘†He did it†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ if he does hook up with one of these girls, with no respect for them. This is indicating that he is trying to hook up with these girls because he feels like his friends expect him too. Yunior does this because he sees other boys doing these things, and he wants to be like them. He wants to be the same and be accepted, and that’s why he treats these different people in different ways. The main character also treats girls of different races differently. He wrongly suggests that if a girl is white, that you will definitely get a hand job before the night is through, if not more (Diaz 235). He says that white girls are the girls everyone really wants to date, because they are easy. This is why he does many things that white boys do. He also says that not many white girls live in his neighborhood, that the locals tend to be brown girls, black girls, or halfies. This is probably because many of the white people are of a higher economic class then he is. If they are in a higher economic class then he is, this mayShow MoreRelatedHow to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie Analysis1097 Words   |  5 PagesJoey D’Andre Safari Ross Engl 101 Sec 105 11 Oct 2011 How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie An instruction manual on how to get a girl based on their ethnicity is what Junot Diaz wrote in the story â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie.† One central theme in the story is the idea of stereotypes. A stereotype is a preconceived notion about someone based on an outside characteristic they posses. These generalizations come from some truth but you can’t putRead MoreLiterary Analysis of â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† by Junot Diaz1147 Words   |  5 PagesLessons from the Alpha Male: â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† by Junot Diaz Every red-blooded American male reaches a zenith in his life when he has finally joined the company of men, and been deemed worthy to receive a lifetime of collected wisdom and tutelage from his elder â€Å"packmates†. This knowledge comes in both lewd and often brutally honest sentiments that can induce feelings of excitement and unabashed shame, but regardless of the emotions evoked, it is a necessaryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Short Stories A P By John Updike977 Words   |  4 Pagesstories AP by John Updike and How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, Halfie by Junot Diaz both discuss women through classification and symbolism. The short stories are The young ladies in the short stories are judged throughout the story based on their race, ethnicity, and physical features. They are also described in a symbolic aspect, as the young ladies are continuously described by certain features and actions. The short stories are both examples of how men have different views basedRead MoreGender, Race, Social Class And Relationship Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGender, Race, Social Class and Relationship â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† is in the first story collection of Junot Diaz that was published in 1996. Junot Diaz was born in Dominican Republic, he moved to the United States at the age of seven. He is currently a creative writing teacher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Meyer 97). In the short story, Diaz describes how a teenage boy approaches romantic relationships and characterizes the girls based on theirRead MoreCultural Codes : Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesmore or less predict or generalize how his identity or behavior will most likely develop throughout his lifetime. Cultural codes of all the different parts of the world help allow us to better understand people’s customs and their characteristics of their particular homeland. In the short story of â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† by Junot Diaz we can clearly see all of the differen t cultural codes displayed in one story. Diaz demonstrates how the narrator’s speech and mannerismsRead MoreGender Roles And Norms Of The Movie Bros Before Hos, The Guy Code `` And Junot Diaz1299 Words   |  6 Pagespush back and damage every aspect of society. Both Michael Kimmel, author of the story â€Å"Bros Before Hos, The Guy Code† and Junot Dà ­az, author of the essay â€Å"How To Date A Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† illustrate that gender roles and norms are incredibly detrimental to everyone in society. As a result, both texts implicitly explore how gender roles damage everyone regardless of gender as well as every aspect of society, result in separation rather than unification, and actively change ourRead MoreEssay on Yunior’s Journey of Maturation in Junot Dà ­az’s Drown1298 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing up both in the Dominican Republic and the States has shaped his perspective on life and life choices. Growing up poor in the Dominican Republic strongly influenced the choices Yunior makes later in his life. In â€Å"Aguantando† Yunior recalls about how poverty was a part of his life. Dà ­az writes, â€Å"We were poor. The only way we could have been poorer was to have lived in the campo or to have been Haitian immigrants†¦We didn’t eat rocks but we didn’t eat meat or beans either† (Dà ­az, 70). This depictionRead MoreJunot Diaz Drown Research Paper1665 Words   |  7 PagesDiaz explores issues of queerness, shamelessness, and familial relations within this selection, it is his use of language that proves most intriguing. Rather than simply describing the struggles of adapting to a new language or customs, Diaz portrays how, at an early age, he manipulated language as a tool to makes sense of his new hybrid identity. The use of language in Junot Diaz’s Drown is spare and unadorned, often rendered in Spanglish, an unpredictable mixture of both English and Spanish. DiazRead MoreJunot Diaz s View On Young Adult And Dating1413 Words   |  6 Pages In Junot Diaz, How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or a Halfie. Junot Diaz shows how society really is. Diaz’s explains in his short story different stereotypes on young adult and dating. He provides great examples, on how young men act such as Malcriado. This relates to society when a mother or father talk’s to their son before they go on a date. â€Å"Shower, comb your hair, dress appropriately. Sit on the couch and watch TV†(Diaz 235). These are strong step-by-step instructions for aRead MoreThe Broken Child From A Broken American Dream2186 Words   |  9 Pageslifestyle of poverty. This essay demonstrates that Junot Diaz’s short story collection â€Å"Drown† highlights how an unhealthy father-son relationship and poverty can have a detrimental effect on a young boy s development and transition into manhood. It speaks to how Yunior’s life changes drastically because of his fathers on and off relationship not only with Yunior but the whole family and how poverty may have also had a great impact on the type of lifestyle Yunior practices. It s not uncommon for

Free solution- Attentional Involvement & Intrinsic Motivation

Question: To what extent can motivation be used as a leadership tool? Discuss with reference to one or more organizational environments that you are familiar with.? Answer: Introduction Darwin E Smith, in the year 1971 was promoted from the post of an in-house lawyer to the Chief Executive Officer of Kimberly Clark. Before he joined the company, the market stock structure was down by 36%. But when Smith retired, Kimberly Clark was enjoying the position of the leading consumer paper products company by beating its immediate rivals namely Proctor and Gamble and also by showing better performance from other companies such as Coco- Cola and General Electric (Blunt, 1985). The point of discussion of this paper will be that motivation can be used as a significant leadership tool within any organization. We shall focus on the point that leadership should not be confused with management and motivation is actually understood by management. With an intent to support this argument, the far-reaching effect of motivation as a leadership tool will be discussed in detail here by looking at a selection of different motivational theories, the difference between management and leader ship, rules that govern effective leadership with supporting examples and comparing and contrasting motivation within two very different types of organizations namely a network marketing company and a security company specializing in manned guarding. We shall take into account only a few motivational theories by which it will be possible to argue that the implementation of these theories as a leadership tool is likely to benefit organizations. Schools of Motivation There are various schools that exist which intend to define motivation but because of the presence of this multi-disciplinary interest, no single comprehensive definition of motivation has yet been achieved. In the words of a common man, motivation can be explained very simplistically as to be moved to do something (Kotherja and Rapti, 2015). The study of motivation raises the reasoning behind why people act in a particular way. Buchanan and Huczynski define motivation as an internal process of human psychology in which humans initiate, energize, direct and maintain a goal-directed behavior (McGee, 2000). Putting in simple words, the definition can be explained as the internal force which harnesses the energy and focuses the harnessed energy towards an anticipated outcome. Campbell and Pritchard explained motivation in a more multifaceted definition. According to their view, it is nothing but a collection of interchangeable links that influence our individual behavior while we take i nto account the competence, expertise and the limits that are imposed on us by the environment. Motivation is a complex phenomenon and its understanding plays an integral role in the effectiveness of motivational strategy within an organization (PATTEN, 1968). It has been suggested by Ryan and Deci that motivation is not a unitary phenomenon. They have also stated that apart from the presence of different amounts of motivation, there also are different kinds of same. They also vary in their level and their orientation (Lens, Paixo and Herrera, 2009). These different types of motivation are commonly known as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation has been described by them as the impetus to do something without being motivated by an external force and the reward for the action stems from the internal satisfaction (Abuhamdeh and Csikszentmihalyi, 2011). Thus, the motivation to engage in behavior arises before the knowledge of any external reward. A practical and simple example of this can be a child building a puzzle to get pleasure when the haphazard pieces of the puzzle finally become a perfect picture after fitting together. Extrinsic motivation is just opposite to intrinsic motivation. It refers to an engagement of behavior because either for getting a reward or under the fear of punishment (Hummel, 2014). An example of this will be a child building a puzzle because either he has been promised an ice-cream if he finishes it or he has been threatened of caning if he fails to do it. Theories of Motivation Theories of motivation can be divided into two categories namely Content Theories of Motivation and Process Theories of Motivation. The former categories are those ones that inherently focus on the need of the people, their strengths and the steps which the people take in order to meet their needs (Grahn and Gard, 2008). Various theories have been given in this regard like that of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Herzbergs Two-factor Theory, McClellands Achievement Motivation Theory and so on and so forth. The latter ones that are Process Theories broadly classify as the extrinsic ones and they focus primarily on the correlations between the dynamic variables and the necessary actions that influence behavior and action skills (Uusiautti and Mtt, 2011). The ones that fall under this classification are Adams Equity Theory, Lockes Goal Theory, Heider and Kelleys Attribution Theory, etc. Content theories have a coherent principle that all people generally share a familiar set of fundamental needs, an inner state of anxiety or distress which makes the individual get motivated towards changing. When the requirements are generally met, the individuals display a level of satisfaction while if the needs are not met with, then he displays an uncomfortable internal imbalance which can only be restored when the individual is motivated to react to satisfy his requirements. We shall now probe into looking deeply as to the extent to which motivation can be used as a leadership tool. Generally, people have a notion that motivation is something which is used to make people work towards meeting a certain end. This can be in a number of ways like paying extra allowances or providing promotions etc. before understanding what actually motivation is, we shall understand and discuss the basic elements of leadership. Basically, leadership is the talent of establishing precedence and marshalling assets to achieve meaningful goals. A leader is a person who asks questions not only to himself but also to other members of his administrative team who redefine regularly the purpose and the role of their institution. The leader remains duty bound to clarify the goals of the institution and notice the objectives. He constantly probes to remind his team of those ends. Leadership quality imbibes the art of recognizing the mistake including ones own mistakes and also making an attempt to correct those mistakes before it becomes detrimental towards the health of the institution and it starts to bleed. The leaders of today must exercise the skill of motivating the people to achieve increasingly complex and costly goals. Just as a craftsman employs his tools to complete his work, similarly, the leaders are bound to employ human resources to achieve their goals. Todays workers are no longer as they used to be twenty years back. They do not suffer from insecurities of losing their jobs like they had few years before. Hence, they are not inbound anymore to submit towards their leaders. Rather, it has become the responsibility of the leaders to make it a point to motivate their workers to work in order to meet the targets of the companies. In order to motivate the workers, a good understanding of the worker and his mentality is very essential. We shall take into account the two-factor theory as propounded by Herzberg to find out what the various factors which motivate an employee to work towards betterment are and what the factors which prove detrimental towards this end are. The positive factors towards this end are achievement associated with a sense of being able to see something tangible, recognition or appreciation from supervisors or colleagues, job satisfaction and getting rewarded for better working efficiencies, increased sense of responsibility, advancement and promotion associated with a sense of growth (Bassett Jones and Lloyd, 2005). On the other hand, things which people do not like about their jobs are the presence of restrictive policies, poor supervision of managers, poor interpersonal relationships, poor working conditions, poor wages and salary, and low status and lack of security in the job. The vital element of Herzbergs two-factor theory is that the conditions which influence job satisfaction and t hose which influence job dissatisfaction are entirely separate entities and remain distinct from each other. The goal setting theory as propounded by Edwin A. Locke, explains how human beings work in specific situations. The theory states that aims and intents are cognitive and willful and they act as mediators of human actions and our requirements generally along with our aims are mediated by our values which finally become beneficial for us (Stratton, 2005). The main proposition of this theory is that location specific goals produce higher level of presentation than setting general goals. The theory also believes that those goals which are difficult to achieve are positively and directly connected to performance. The believers propound that the more difficult a goal will be to reach, the harder will the employees try to achieve the goal. As per the requirements of this theory, the managers and employers jointly identify common objectives and define areas of responsibility in terms of the expected results, through mutual agreement in order to obtain the personal commitment of the employees and finally use the objectives as a guide to operate the unit and assess the contribution of each of the members. Practical studies reveal that there are some managers who feel threatened by goal setting because they struggle to hand over the control of the projects and feel that they are losing authority when they allow employees directly to participate in goal setting and the development of action plans. In this plan, the managers generally make the employees understand all that is to be done and set the standards before them. The employees are then free to act upon any strategy to achieve the goals. Further, Maslow in his theory had provided two essentials. These are firstly; human beings are constantly in a state of wanting which implies that their needs are never satisfied (Mathes and Edwards, 1978). Secondly, he states that there are very few individuals who actually reach a state of complete satisfaction. Maslow as pointed out that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs and there are certain lower factors which should be satisfied before one caters to higher needs. Maslow stated that before a person can start acting unselfishly, he necessarily adheres to the hierarchical structure of needs he propounded (Michael and Green, 1982). These are as per the given order namely physiological, survival, safety, love and finally esteem. As far as this theory in the practical world is concerned, it has been observed over a long period that safety needs generally come above job security in enterprises. The higher place is held by stable higher evaluation of their work and earning respect from others while self-actualization comes in the second level. In a work environment, the fulfillment of higher order needs forms an integral part in reaching optimum productivity, which is one of the end goals of almost every organization. It is important to realize though that work itself is not necessary to gratify higher order needs. People reach different levels of needs through a wide array of other activities as well. The theory of Maslow was developed to a certain extent by Alderfer. He propounded the ERG theories which stand for Existence, Relatedness and Growth respectively (Arnolds and Boshoff, 2002). Both the theories of Maslow and Alderfer hover in circular motions around three subjects namely how needs are categorized, the relationship of needs and levels, and what happens when a need is not satisfied (Thakkar, Deshmukh and Kanda, 2006). Understanding Leadership Having discussed the essentials of motivation theories, we shall look into noting the essentials of leadership. A leader may be defined as a person who creates an inspiring vision of the future, motivates and gives inspiration to the people to get engaged with that vision, effectively manages towards getting that vision delivered, gives intensive coaching and builds a team so that the vision can be achieved effectively. There are certain theories which define leadership. Some of them are being discussed in the following paragraphs. The Great Man Theory came up in the 1940s. It provided that leaders are not made. Rather they are born. There is an assumption in the theory that the traits that define leadership are intrinsic. This theory was challenged by Herbert Spencer who said that leaders became leaders only because they succumbed to the circumstances and the social condition requirements (Spector, 2015). Then came up the Trait Theory. The profounder of this theory provided that those individuals who possess the qualities of intelligence, sense of responsibility and creativity are the ones who excel as leaders (Zaccaro, 2007). It focused on analyzing mental, physical and social characteristics in order to attain understanding of what the characteristic are that generalize a leader. This theory also suffers from various shortfalls. It could not explain that when an individual in spite of having the traits of leader failed to be a successful leader, what were the causes behind such a case. The behavioral theory was a reaction to the trait theory of leadership. It provided that the behavior of the leaders is somewhat different from the mental and physical traits that imbibe them (Shamsi, 2014). It is further divided into two categories namely the managerial grid model and the role theory. The era of 1970s saw the transactional leadership theories. It is characterized by a transaction or exchange of ideas that are made by a leader and his followers. The theory rests on a positive and mutually beneficial relationship (Antonakis and House, 2014). The theory states that humans in general seek to maximize pleasurable experiences and they always thrive hard to remove or diminish those experiences that have certain amount of dis-pleasure with them. Hence, the theory provides that positive goals thrive better leaders. Another similar theory is that of Transformational Leadership. It states that leadership is nothing but a process by which a person interacts with others and is able to create a strong foundation that generally gives rise to a percentage of trust which ultimately results in an increase of motivation not only in the leaders but also in the followers (Carmeli, Atwater and Levi, 2010). Various theories have followed this. Some of them are Kouzes and Posners Leadership Participation Inventory, Burns Transformational Leadership Theory etc. Before entering into linking the extent to which motivation can be used as a leadership tool, we shall try to make a note of the 21 irrefutable laws of leadership as provided by John C Maxwell. The rules finally rest on a single concept which follows that good leaders possess the ability to motivate and deploy a team or taskforce to the benefit of an organization. Some of the laws are being discussed here in the following paragraphs. The law of the lid: Leadership ability determines a persons level of effectiveness. Maxwell states that: the lower an individuals ability to lead, the lower the lid on his potential. In 1937 Dick and Maurice McDonald opened a small drive-thru restaurant in Pasadena (WISDOM, 1963). With Californians becoming more and more reliant on their cars, drive-thru restaurants were part of the changing culture to accommodate more car drivers. Their enterprise was a success and their business evolved. In 1948 they made changes to their business to stay ahead of changing times. They changed their menus and eliminated glass and plate ware. They also developed the Speedy Service System, which McDonalds are famous for. This system turned the kitchen into an assembly line where each employees focus was on speed. Despite the fact that the brothers were extremely wealthy their restaurant chain did not grow until the brothers partnered with a leader, Ray Kroc. Krocs vision for the restaurant was to go n ationwide. He partnered with the brothers, formed McDonalds System Inc. and bought the rights to the franchise. He then began to assemble a team and build an organisation to expand McDonalds nationwide. Leadership ability and vision were what set Kroc aside from the MacDonald brothers. Both the brothers and Kroc had vision but 21,000 restaurants were not built only because of vision. Kroc had to show exceptional leadership abilities to continue motivating a core group of managers, which in turn had to implement his vision and strategies and motivate a workforce to reach the global presence McDonalds has today. Principals of the expectancy theories formed part of McDonalds growth. Kroc did not draw a salary for the first eight years with McDonalds, he borrowed money against his life insurance to cover the salaries of key leaders he wanted on his team and his hard work delivered the expected results. His expectation was that his reward would be related to his performance (Lutz, Lyon a nd Maxwell, 2000). The law of Connection: Effective leaders should be able to connect with people through verbal and non-verbal communication. This law of leadership is the foundation of the Hearts and Minds approach which forms an integral part of United States military operations in Afghanistan. The premises of this leadership law are that you cannot ask peoples hands before you have touch their hearts. In terms of motivation this rule requires you to reach peoples emotions in order to spur them into action. Content theories specifically support this notion (Block, 2003). Maslows levels of love and esteem, Alderfers relatedness and Herzbergs motivators or growth factors. All three these theories list human connection as motivators. The Law of E.F.Hutton: When the real leader speaks people listens. E.F Hutton was a financial services company with the motto: When E.F. Hutton speaks, people listen. Part of the introduction of this paper noted that motivation is only an effective leadership tool if the difference between leadership and management is recognised (Hutton, Clements and Sang, 2007). Maccoby wrote that: Management is a function that must be exercised in any business, whereas leadership is relationship between the leader and the employees that can energize any organisation. Motivation and Leadership Having stated the basics, we shall now link that how motivation can can be used as a leadership tool. The concept is linked to getting someone moving towards doing something. When someone gets motivated towards doing something, or tries to get someone moving so that he does something, they are said to be developing those incentives or conditions which they believe will help them to make a person move towards doing certain thing in a certain direction. One of the most difficult challenges that come before a leader is that he initially has to learn the various motivation techniques which he can use to motivate his employees (Leavitt, 1967). Generally, all motivation comes from within of an individual. Hence, the most common concepts involved in the process are used interchangeably to give description to the similar forces that describe the person. These can be anything like beliefs, personal interest or even at times fear. Obviously, there are challenges that generally remain associated with working towards achieving goals keeping in mind the intrinsic factors. These challenges can be met with establishing goals which are meaningfully personal, make those goals impossible or providing feedback on performance and finally aligning the set goals with the self esteem of the individual (McCotter, 2008). Curiosity is yet another factor which generally motivates employees. The concept talks about providing the individual with an environment that arouses curious intents in him. He can impersonate higher skills and reach a more desirable level if he inculcates these curious skills in him. In order to motivate an employee through curiosity, the leader should create an environment which stimulates his interest to learn more. People also like to have a feel that they are totally under the submittance of their destiny. To keep the workers motivated, the leader should understand the cause and effect relationship that lies between the action which they take in certain circumstance and the result that comes out of the action. This information can be used by the leaders in certain very crisp ways. Some of them are by making the cause and effect relationship that exists very clear after having established a goal and providing a reward for the same, or by making the workers believe from his end that whatever they are working on and the way they are working on is making a huge difference and at the same time, the work is remarkably good and finally, by allowing the individuals to choose from a wide range of options what exactly they wish to learn and how do they intend to learn the same. Competition, cooperation and recognition are certain other factors which can be used by the leaders to motivate their employees. Competition and likewise attitude is particularly successful because employees find a feeling of satisfaction when they find that they are competing with their fellow employees. When the employees win in any competition, they are likely to show better results with efficiency while if they lose, then the employees get de motivated, thus, the sense of competition necessarily provides that the employees will work harder for results with a positive outcome. Further, cooperating with fellow employees can be very motivating. For example, if a leader himself participates in any task which the employee finds difficult to solve, he definitely gets a feeling of cordiality. This feeling makes him motivated towards doing better work and attains better results. This concept of cooperation is a very precious skill that can be used in various situations in hard times for getting better results. Giving recognition for achievements makes the employees feel at home and if they are recognised, they feel encouraged. But of course, while recognising, the leader should avoid comparison with other employees. Organisational Examples We shall now take the example of a few organisational environments to understand this. EMCO Management built their team by recruiting foreign and home-grown students who were studying for an MBA or post-graduate qualification. The founder argued that any foreign student in the UK must be motivated already to pursue a post-graduate qualification. The approached worked well in recruiting skilled and intrinsically motivated team members but it did present problems. Managing a car parks security and business needs are not rocket science and the work specifications presented a fair amount of continuous repetitive work that the average post-graduate student will find frustrating. Restriction on student visas allows only for a certain amount of hours to be worked by foreign students and academic needs placed a further restriction on the shift schedule. The restrictions imposed on the shift schedule caused communication problems with information not carried over in the correct way. Self-este em and self-worth issues developed with employees being tired due to academic pressure, working 12-hour shifts, financial pressure and mistreatment by the general public. Claassen realised that despite the inherent motivation that most of his team possessed he still needed to motivated them. He set out by following Mark Davids Motivation Secrets. He shared his vision for the company with the team and pointed out that each member was recruited with a specific skill set in mind. He spoke to the team in their language, asking them about their personnel goals and how the company could help them to achieve it. He taught the employees how to fish. According to David the best managers develop their employees into self-sufficient, high-achieving professionals, by taking them to their next level of potential and by teaching them new skill sets. Claassen made a point of identifying new skills set, explained in clear terms what he expected and gave clear directions while setting benchmarks for progress. The goal of EMCO Management was to use motivation as a leadership tool to increase productivity and job satisfaction. Claassen did not just use Mark Davids Motiv ation Secrets he also implemented aspects of motivation theories. Conclusion Both EMCO Management and Forever Living applied motivation as part of their leadership strategy but it is important to note that in implementing motivational theories in practice there is a clear difference between leaders motivating employees within an organisation and management implementing motivational strategies according to a devised action plan. In conclusion, the implementation of content theories of motivation and process theories of motivation as a leadership tool will benefit any organisation. 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