Paul Robeson - 955 Words

Paul Robeson was a famous African American athlete, singer, actor and advocate for the civil rights of people around the world. He rose to prominence in a time when segregation was legal in America and black people were being lynched by white mobs, especially in the South. Born on April 9, 1898 in Princeton, New Jersey, Paul Robeson was the youngest of five children. His father was a runaway slave who went on to graduate from Lincoln University, and his mother came from a family of Quakers who worked for the abolition of slavery. His family was familiar with hardship and the determination to rise above it. His own life was no less challenging. In 1915, Paul won a four-year academic scholarship to Rutgers University. In spite of†¦show more content†¦It was greeted with the largest audience response since Orson Welles famous War of the Worlds. During the 1940s, Robeson continued to perform and speak out against racism in the U.S. and for peace among nations. As a passionate believer in international cooperation, Robeson protested the growing cold war hostilities and worked tirelessly for friendship and respect between the U.S. and the USSR. In 1945, he headed an organization that challenged President Truman to support an anti-lynching law. In the late 1940s, when dissent was scarcely tolerated in the U.S., Robeson openly questioned why African Americans should fight in the army of a government that tolerated violent racism. Because of his outspokenness, he was accused by the Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of being a Communist. Robeson saw this claim as an outright attack on the democratic rights of the many people like himself who work for friendship with other nations, and equal rights for all people. This accusation nearly ended his career. Eighty of his concerts were canceled, and in 1949 two outdoor con certs in Peekskill, N.Y. were attacked by white mobs while state police stood by complacently. In response, Robeson declared, I going to sing wherever the people want me to sing... and I wont be frightened by crosses burning in Peekskill or anywhere else. In 1950, the U.S. government revoked Robesons passport, leading to anShow MoreRelatedEssay on Paul Robeson906 Words   |  4 PagesPaul Robeson was a famous African American athlete, singer, actor and advocate for the civil rights of people around the world.   He rose to prominence in a time when segregation was legal in America and black people were being lynched by white mobs, especially in the South. Born on April 9, 1898 in Princeton, New Jersey, Paul Robeson was the youngest of five children.   His father was a runaway slave who went on to graduate from Lincoln University, and his mother came from a family of QuakersRead More Paul Robeson Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesPaul Robeson Paul Robeson as a scholar and athlete was a two-time All-American in football and baseball, a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and valedictorian of his high school and college class. As an entertainer he starred in eleven movies, five Broadway musicals, and sang in sold out concerts throughout the world in twenty-five different languages. As a statesman he became known as the citizen of the world, who spoke out whenever he saw social or racial injustices in any country, and spent hisRead MoreLena Mary Calhoun Horne : An Advocate For Civil Rights And The Abolition Of Segregation1065 Words   |  5 PagesCafà © Society nightclub, popular with both black and white artists and intellectuals. While performing at Cafà © Society, Lena began a friendship with Paul Robeson, an actor, singer, and political activist. Horne would also become acquainted with W.E.B. Du Bois, a long-time fixture in the African-American struggle for equality. Her contacts with Robeson and Du Bois led to her involvement in progressive organizations including the Council for African Affairs, Civil Rights Congress, and Progressive CitizensRead MoreAn Analysis Of Paul Robeson s The Power Of Negro Action 943 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst the essay by Paul Robeson and highlighting some of the most striking and interesting facets, followed by the chapter from Rhonda Williams where I will explore the connections to the chapter by Robeson, and lastly I will look at the essay from Andrea Friedman, where I will further note interesting facets of the reading as well as create ties to the aforementioned works. Paul Robeson’s chapter â€Å"The Power of Negro Action† is rather straightforward from the outset. Robeson is presenting an empoweringRead MoreJackie Robinson : African American Civil Rights Activist1181 Words   |  5 Pagesabout jobs and discrimination. Robeson, Paul. â€Å"You Are the Un-Americans, and You Ought to be Ashamed of Yourselves†. Testimony of Paul Robeson before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. 12 June. 1956. This is a transcript of Paul Robeson, an All-American football, became an actor and a political speaker. In 1949, Robeson was the cover of newspapers. There were public statements saying that African Americans would not fight in â€Å"an imperialist war.† Later, Robeson refused to sign proving thatRead MoreRacism in the American Society in the 1920s Essay example1000 Words   |  4 PagesBlacks always had a tough time, this is due to the stereotypical view that the people had of them. The whites believed that the Blacks were primitive, illiterate and criminals. However, this view was not true, a good example would be Paul Robeson who was the son of a former slave and passed his law exams with honours from Columbia University in 1923. White governments feared that the Blacks would take power, and so introduced many laws which took away their freedom (theyRead MoreThe Civil Rights Achievements Of The Famous African American Actor, Canada Lee1333 Words   |  6 Pagesbe omitted from the blacklist if he gave the name of Paul Robeson (a fellow Civil Rights activist and famous singer/actor) to the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS). However, Lee refused to give into this form of blackmail, which resulted in his being banned from all Hollywood films and theater work in the United States. This blacklisting would lead to the fall of his career during this historical period: The legacies of Paul Robeson and Canada Lee have been tainted by the blacklist machine;Read MoreAfrican American Vernacular1239 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Go down Moses† served a dual purpose during the times of slavery. Spirituals were used as a code between the slaves to aide with the task of attempting to escape slavery or the thought of escaping from bondage. â€Å"Go down Moses† first recorded by Paul Robeson, is a song riddled with ambiguous tones. On the surface, this song tells the story of the Israelites as slaves, which is found in the books of Genesis and Exodus. Moses was called by God to instruct Pharaoh to free the Israelites from the bondagesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello : Race And Performance6373 Words   |  26 Pagesjealousy, and betrayal, audiences to this day continue to be emotionally affected by Othello?s struggle. Not only will this essay illustrate racial issues within the text of the play itself, but also the black Shakespearean actors like Ira Aldridge, Paul Robeson, and James Earl Jones, who suffered severe racial discrimination and were still able to defy racial stereotypes throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the segregated United States, addressing how the actors were emotionally affectedRead MoreNigger : The Folklore Of His Life970 Words   |  4 Pagesadversity and have helped to dispel the myth of Black inferiority. No person was more influential in the world of music and sociopolitical issues that the incomparable Paul Leroy Robeson. Born to parents with different ancestral backgrounds, positioned to become subservient in a racist society, and overcoming tragedy at a young age, Robeson was emboldening in his resolve to succeed. Exceedingly proficient in his academic achievements, and an athlete that broke racial barriers with superb athleticism and

How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, and Halfie

The short story â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, and Halfie† by Junot Diaz is the main character, Yunior’s, guide to dating girls of different races and the ways to act in order to get what you want from them. The only thing Yunior seems to want for these girls is sexual acts. This short story argues that a person’s heritage, economic class, and race affect how a person identifies themselves, and how their identity affects how they act towards other people. The pressures a person may feel from society also has an effect on how a person treats themselves and others. The pressure and expectations from society are also what makes Yunior think he needs to have sex with these girls. There are many different occasions of the main†¦show more content†¦He acts differently towards his friends and other boys his age in the neighborhood. For example, when his friend refers to the girl Yunior is trying to date as ‘†that bitch†Ã¢ €™ Yunior only agrees with him (Diaz 236). He doesn’t defend them at all, which is an indication that he doesn’t care for these girls at all, only what they’ll do for him. He also says that he will call his friends and let them know ‘†He did it†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ if he does hook up with one of these girls, with no respect for them. This is indicating that he is trying to hook up with these girls because he feels like his friends expect him too. Yunior does this because he sees other boys doing these things, and he wants to be like them. He wants to be the same and be accepted, and that’s why he treats these different people in different ways. The main character also treats girls of different races differently. He wrongly suggests that if a girl is white, that you will definitely get a hand job before the night is through, if not more (Diaz 235). He says that white girls are the girls everyone really wants to date, because they are easy. This is why he does many things that white boys do. He also says that not many white girls live in his neighborhood, that the locals tend to be brown girls, black girls, or halfies. This is probably because many of the white people are of a higher economic class then he is. If they are in a higher economic class then he is, this mayShow MoreRelatedHow to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie Analysis1097 Words   |  5 PagesJoey D’Andre Safari Ross Engl 101 Sec 105 11 Oct 2011 How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie An instruction manual on how to get a girl based on their ethnicity is what Junot Diaz wrote in the story â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie.† One central theme in the story is the idea of stereotypes. A stereotype is a preconceived notion about someone based on an outside characteristic they posses. These generalizations come from some truth but you can’t putRead MoreLiterary Analysis of â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† by Junot Diaz1147 Words   |  5 PagesLessons from the Alpha Male: â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† by Junot Diaz Every red-blooded American male reaches a zenith in his life when he has finally joined the company of men, and been deemed worthy to receive a lifetime of collected wisdom and tutelage from his elder â€Å"packmates†. This knowledge comes in both lewd and often brutally honest sentiments that can induce feelings of excitement and unabashed shame, but regardless of the emotions evoked, it is a necessaryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Short Stories A P By John Updike977 Words   |  4 Pagesstories AP by John Updike and How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, Halfie by Junot Diaz both discuss women through classification and symbolism. The short stories are The young ladies in the short stories are judged throughout the story based on their race, ethnicity, and physical features. They are also described in a symbolic aspect, as the young ladies are continuously described by certain features and actions. The short stories are both examples of how men have different views basedRead MoreGender, Race, Social Class And Relationship Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGender, Race, Social Class and Relationship â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† is in the first story collection of Junot Diaz that was published in 1996. Junot Diaz was born in Dominican Republic, he moved to the United States at the age of seven. He is currently a creative writing teacher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Meyer 97). In the short story, Diaz describes how a teenage boy approaches romantic relationships and characterizes the girls based on theirRead MoreCultural Codes : Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesmore or less predict or generalize how his identity or behavior will most likely develop throughout his lifetime. Cultural codes of all the different parts of the world help allow us to better understand people’s customs and their characteristics of their particular homeland. In the short story of â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† by Junot Diaz we can clearly see all of the differen t cultural codes displayed in one story. Diaz demonstrates how the narrator’s speech and mannerismsRead MoreGender Roles And Norms Of The Movie Bros Before Hos, The Guy Code `` And Junot Diaz1299 Words   |  6 Pagespush back and damage every aspect of society. Both Michael Kimmel, author of the story â€Å"Bros Before Hos, The Guy Code† and Junot Dà ­az, author of the essay â€Å"How To Date A Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† illustrate that gender roles and norms are incredibly detrimental to everyone in society. As a result, both texts implicitly explore how gender roles damage everyone regardless of gender as well as every aspect of society, result in separation rather than unification, and actively change ourRead MoreEssay on Yunior’s Journey of Maturation in Junot Dà ­az’s Drown1298 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing up both in the Dominican Republic and the States has shaped his perspective on life and life choices. Growing up poor in the Dominican Republic strongly influenced the choices Yunior makes later in his life. In â€Å"Aguantando† Yunior recalls about how poverty was a part of his life. Dà ­az writes, â€Å"We were poor. The only way we could have been poorer was to have lived in the campo or to have been Haitian immigrants†¦We didn’t eat rocks but we didn’t eat meat or beans either† (Dà ­az, 70). This depictionRead MoreJunot Diaz Drown Research Paper1665 Words   |  7 PagesDiaz explores issues of queerness, shamelessness, and familial relations within this selection, it is his use of language that proves most intriguing. Rather than simply describing the struggles of adapting to a new language or customs, Diaz portrays how, at an early age, he manipulated language as a tool to makes sense of his new hybrid identity. The use of language in Junot Diaz’s Drown is spare and unadorned, often rendered in Spanglish, an unpredictable mixture of both English and Spanish. DiazRead MoreJunot Diaz s View On Young Adult And Dating1413 Words   |  6 Pages In Junot Diaz, How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or a Halfie. Junot Diaz shows how society really is. Diaz’s explains in his short story different stereotypes on young adult and dating. He provides great examples, on how young men act such as Malcriado. This relates to society when a mother or father talk’s to their son before they go on a date. â€Å"Shower, comb your hair, dress appropriately. Sit on the couch and watch TV†(Diaz 235). These are strong step-by-step instructions for aRead MoreThe Broken Child From A Broken American Dream2186 Words   |  9 Pageslifestyle of poverty. This essay demonstrates that Junot Diaz’s short story collection â€Å"Drown† highlights how an unhealthy father-son relationship and poverty can have a detrimental effect on a young boy s development and transition into manhood. It speaks to how Yunior’s life changes drastically because of his fathers on and off relationship not only with Yunior but the whole family and how poverty may have also had a great impact on the type of lifestyle Yunior practices. It s not uncommon for

Free solution- Attentional Involvement & Intrinsic Motivation

Question: To what extent can motivation be used as a leadership tool? Discuss with reference to one or more organizational environments that you are familiar with.? Answer: Introduction Darwin E Smith, in the year 1971 was promoted from the post of an in-house lawyer to the Chief Executive Officer of Kimberly Clark. Before he joined the company, the market stock structure was down by 36%. But when Smith retired, Kimberly Clark was enjoying the position of the leading consumer paper products company by beating its immediate rivals namely Proctor and Gamble and also by showing better performance from other companies such as Coco- Cola and General Electric (Blunt, 1985). The point of discussion of this paper will be that motivation can be used as a significant leadership tool within any organization. We shall focus on the point that leadership should not be confused with management and motivation is actually understood by management. With an intent to support this argument, the far-reaching effect of motivation as a leadership tool will be discussed in detail here by looking at a selection of different motivational theories, the difference between management and leader ship, rules that govern effective leadership with supporting examples and comparing and contrasting motivation within two very different types of organizations namely a network marketing company and a security company specializing in manned guarding. We shall take into account only a few motivational theories by which it will be possible to argue that the implementation of these theories as a leadership tool is likely to benefit organizations. Schools of Motivation There are various schools that exist which intend to define motivation but because of the presence of this multi-disciplinary interest, no single comprehensive definition of motivation has yet been achieved. In the words of a common man, motivation can be explained very simplistically as to be moved to do something (Kotherja and Rapti, 2015). The study of motivation raises the reasoning behind why people act in a particular way. Buchanan and Huczynski define motivation as an internal process of human psychology in which humans initiate, energize, direct and maintain a goal-directed behavior (McGee, 2000). Putting in simple words, the definition can be explained as the internal force which harnesses the energy and focuses the harnessed energy towards an anticipated outcome. Campbell and Pritchard explained motivation in a more multifaceted definition. According to their view, it is nothing but a collection of interchangeable links that influence our individual behavior while we take i nto account the competence, expertise and the limits that are imposed on us by the environment. Motivation is a complex phenomenon and its understanding plays an integral role in the effectiveness of motivational strategy within an organization (PATTEN, 1968). It has been suggested by Ryan and Deci that motivation is not a unitary phenomenon. They have also stated that apart from the presence of different amounts of motivation, there also are different kinds of same. They also vary in their level and their orientation (Lens, Paixo and Herrera, 2009). These different types of motivation are commonly known as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation has been described by them as the impetus to do something without being motivated by an external force and the reward for the action stems from the internal satisfaction (Abuhamdeh and Csikszentmihalyi, 2011). Thus, the motivation to engage in behavior arises before the knowledge of any external reward. A practical and simple example of this can be a child building a puzzle to get pleasure when the haphazard pieces of the puzzle finally become a perfect picture after fitting together. Extrinsic motivation is just opposite to intrinsic motivation. It refers to an engagement of behavior because either for getting a reward or under the fear of punishment (Hummel, 2014). An example of this will be a child building a puzzle because either he has been promised an ice-cream if he finishes it or he has been threatened of caning if he fails to do it. Theories of Motivation Theories of motivation can be divided into two categories namely Content Theories of Motivation and Process Theories of Motivation. The former categories are those ones that inherently focus on the need of the people, their strengths and the steps which the people take in order to meet their needs (Grahn and Gard, 2008). Various theories have been given in this regard like that of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Herzbergs Two-factor Theory, McClellands Achievement Motivation Theory and so on and so forth. The latter ones that are Process Theories broadly classify as the extrinsic ones and they focus primarily on the correlations between the dynamic variables and the necessary actions that influence behavior and action skills (Uusiautti and Mtt, 2011). The ones that fall under this classification are Adams Equity Theory, Lockes Goal Theory, Heider and Kelleys Attribution Theory, etc. Content theories have a coherent principle that all people generally share a familiar set of fundamental needs, an inner state of anxiety or distress which makes the individual get motivated towards changing. When the requirements are generally met, the individuals display a level of satisfaction while if the needs are not met with, then he displays an uncomfortable internal imbalance which can only be restored when the individual is motivated to react to satisfy his requirements. We shall now probe into looking deeply as to the extent to which motivation can be used as a leadership tool. Generally, people have a notion that motivation is something which is used to make people work towards meeting a certain end. This can be in a number of ways like paying extra allowances or providing promotions etc. before understanding what actually motivation is, we shall understand and discuss the basic elements of leadership. Basically, leadership is the talent of establishing precedence and marshalling assets to achieve meaningful goals. A leader is a person who asks questions not only to himself but also to other members of his administrative team who redefine regularly the purpose and the role of their institution. The leader remains duty bound to clarify the goals of the institution and notice the objectives. He constantly probes to remind his team of those ends. Leadership quality imbibes the art of recognizing the mistake including ones own mistakes and also making an attempt to correct those mistakes before it becomes detrimental towards the health of the institution and it starts to bleed. The leaders of today must exercise the skill of motivating the people to achieve increasingly complex and costly goals. Just as a craftsman employs his tools to complete his work, similarly, the leaders are bound to employ human resources to achieve their goals. Todays workers are no longer as they used to be twenty years back. They do not suffer from insecurities of losing their jobs like they had few years before. Hence, they are not inbound anymore to submit towards their leaders. Rather, it has become the responsibility of the leaders to make it a point to motivate their workers to work in order to meet the targets of the companies. In order to motivate the workers, a good understanding of the worker and his mentality is very essential. We shall take into account the two-factor theory as propounded by Herzberg to find out what the various factors which motivate an employee to work towards betterment are and what the factors which prove detrimental towards this end are. The positive factors towards this end are achievement associated with a sense of being able to see something tangible, recognition or appreciation from supervisors or colleagues, job satisfaction and getting rewarded for better working efficiencies, increased sense of responsibility, advancement and promotion associated with a sense of growth (Bassett Jones and Lloyd, 2005). On the other hand, things which people do not like about their jobs are the presence of restrictive policies, poor supervision of managers, poor interpersonal relationships, poor working conditions, poor wages and salary, and low status and lack of security in the job. The vital element of Herzbergs two-factor theory is that the conditions which influence job satisfaction and t hose which influence job dissatisfaction are entirely separate entities and remain distinct from each other. The goal setting theory as propounded by Edwin A. Locke, explains how human beings work in specific situations. The theory states that aims and intents are cognitive and willful and they act as mediators of human actions and our requirements generally along with our aims are mediated by our values which finally become beneficial for us (Stratton, 2005). The main proposition of this theory is that location specific goals produce higher level of presentation than setting general goals. The theory also believes that those goals which are difficult to achieve are positively and directly connected to performance. The believers propound that the more difficult a goal will be to reach, the harder will the employees try to achieve the goal. As per the requirements of this theory, the managers and employers jointly identify common objectives and define areas of responsibility in terms of the expected results, through mutual agreement in order to obtain the personal commitment of the employees and finally use the objectives as a guide to operate the unit and assess the contribution of each of the members. Practical studies reveal that there are some managers who feel threatened by goal setting because they struggle to hand over the control of the projects and feel that they are losing authority when they allow employees directly to participate in goal setting and the development of action plans. In this plan, the managers generally make the employees understand all that is to be done and set the standards before them. The employees are then free to act upon any strategy to achieve the goals. Further, Maslow in his theory had provided two essentials. These are firstly; human beings are constantly in a state of wanting which implies that their needs are never satisfied (Mathes and Edwards, 1978). Secondly, he states that there are very few individuals who actually reach a state of complete satisfaction. Maslow as pointed out that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs and there are certain lower factors which should be satisfied before one caters to higher needs. Maslow stated that before a person can start acting unselfishly, he necessarily adheres to the hierarchical structure of needs he propounded (Michael and Green, 1982). These are as per the given order namely physiological, survival, safety, love and finally esteem. As far as this theory in the practical world is concerned, it has been observed over a long period that safety needs generally come above job security in enterprises. The higher place is held by stable higher evaluation of their work and earning respect from others while self-actualization comes in the second level. In a work environment, the fulfillment of higher order needs forms an integral part in reaching optimum productivity, which is one of the end goals of almost every organization. It is important to realize though that work itself is not necessary to gratify higher order needs. People reach different levels of needs through a wide array of other activities as well. The theory of Maslow was developed to a certain extent by Alderfer. He propounded the ERG theories which stand for Existence, Relatedness and Growth respectively (Arnolds and Boshoff, 2002). Both the theories of Maslow and Alderfer hover in circular motions around three subjects namely how needs are categorized, the relationship of needs and levels, and what happens when a need is not satisfied (Thakkar, Deshmukh and Kanda, 2006). Understanding Leadership Having discussed the essentials of motivation theories, we shall look into noting the essentials of leadership. A leader may be defined as a person who creates an inspiring vision of the future, motivates and gives inspiration to the people to get engaged with that vision, effectively manages towards getting that vision delivered, gives intensive coaching and builds a team so that the vision can be achieved effectively. There are certain theories which define leadership. Some of them are being discussed in the following paragraphs. The Great Man Theory came up in the 1940s. It provided that leaders are not made. Rather they are born. There is an assumption in the theory that the traits that define leadership are intrinsic. This theory was challenged by Herbert Spencer who said that leaders became leaders only because they succumbed to the circumstances and the social condition requirements (Spector, 2015). Then came up the Trait Theory. The profounder of this theory provided that those individuals who possess the qualities of intelligence, sense of responsibility and creativity are the ones who excel as leaders (Zaccaro, 2007). It focused on analyzing mental, physical and social characteristics in order to attain understanding of what the characteristic are that generalize a leader. This theory also suffers from various shortfalls. It could not explain that when an individual in spite of having the traits of leader failed to be a successful leader, what were the causes behind such a case. The behavioral theory was a reaction to the trait theory of leadership. It provided that the behavior of the leaders is somewhat different from the mental and physical traits that imbibe them (Shamsi, 2014). It is further divided into two categories namely the managerial grid model and the role theory. The era of 1970s saw the transactional leadership theories. It is characterized by a transaction or exchange of ideas that are made by a leader and his followers. The theory rests on a positive and mutually beneficial relationship (Antonakis and House, 2014). The theory states that humans in general seek to maximize pleasurable experiences and they always thrive hard to remove or diminish those experiences that have certain amount of dis-pleasure with them. Hence, the theory provides that positive goals thrive better leaders. Another similar theory is that of Transformational Leadership. It states that leadership is nothing but a process by which a person interacts with others and is able to create a strong foundation that generally gives rise to a percentage of trust which ultimately results in an increase of motivation not only in the leaders but also in the followers (Carmeli, Atwater and Levi, 2010). Various theories have followed this. Some of them are Kouzes and Posners Leadership Participation Inventory, Burns Transformational Leadership Theory etc. Before entering into linking the extent to which motivation can be used as a leadership tool, we shall try to make a note of the 21 irrefutable laws of leadership as provided by John C Maxwell. The rules finally rest on a single concept which follows that good leaders possess the ability to motivate and deploy a team or taskforce to the benefit of an organization. Some of the laws are being discussed here in the following paragraphs. The law of the lid: Leadership ability determines a persons level of effectiveness. Maxwell states that: the lower an individuals ability to lead, the lower the lid on his potential. In 1937 Dick and Maurice McDonald opened a small drive-thru restaurant in Pasadena (WISDOM, 1963). With Californians becoming more and more reliant on their cars, drive-thru restaurants were part of the changing culture to accommodate more car drivers. Their enterprise was a success and their business evolved. In 1948 they made changes to their business to stay ahead of changing times. They changed their menus and eliminated glass and plate ware. They also developed the Speedy Service System, which McDonalds are famous for. This system turned the kitchen into an assembly line where each employees focus was on speed. Despite the fact that the brothers were extremely wealthy their restaurant chain did not grow until the brothers partnered with a leader, Ray Kroc. Krocs vision for the restaurant was to go n ationwide. He partnered with the brothers, formed McDonalds System Inc. and bought the rights to the franchise. He then began to assemble a team and build an organisation to expand McDonalds nationwide. Leadership ability and vision were what set Kroc aside from the MacDonald brothers. Both the brothers and Kroc had vision but 21,000 restaurants were not built only because of vision. Kroc had to show exceptional leadership abilities to continue motivating a core group of managers, which in turn had to implement his vision and strategies and motivate a workforce to reach the global presence McDonalds has today. Principals of the expectancy theories formed part of McDonalds growth. Kroc did not draw a salary for the first eight years with McDonalds, he borrowed money against his life insurance to cover the salaries of key leaders he wanted on his team and his hard work delivered the expected results. His expectation was that his reward would be related to his performance (Lutz, Lyon a nd Maxwell, 2000). The law of Connection: Effective leaders should be able to connect with people through verbal and non-verbal communication. This law of leadership is the foundation of the Hearts and Minds approach which forms an integral part of United States military operations in Afghanistan. The premises of this leadership law are that you cannot ask peoples hands before you have touch their hearts. In terms of motivation this rule requires you to reach peoples emotions in order to spur them into action. Content theories specifically support this notion (Block, 2003). Maslows levels of love and esteem, Alderfers relatedness and Herzbergs motivators or growth factors. All three these theories list human connection as motivators. The Law of E.F.Hutton: When the real leader speaks people listens. E.F Hutton was a financial services company with the motto: When E.F. Hutton speaks, people listen. Part of the introduction of this paper noted that motivation is only an effective leadership tool if the difference between leadership and management is recognised (Hutton, Clements and Sang, 2007). Maccoby wrote that: Management is a function that must be exercised in any business, whereas leadership is relationship between the leader and the employees that can energize any organisation. Motivation and Leadership Having stated the basics, we shall now link that how motivation can can be used as a leadership tool. The concept is linked to getting someone moving towards doing something. When someone gets motivated towards doing something, or tries to get someone moving so that he does something, they are said to be developing those incentives or conditions which they believe will help them to make a person move towards doing certain thing in a certain direction. One of the most difficult challenges that come before a leader is that he initially has to learn the various motivation techniques which he can use to motivate his employees (Leavitt, 1967). Generally, all motivation comes from within of an individual. Hence, the most common concepts involved in the process are used interchangeably to give description to the similar forces that describe the person. These can be anything like beliefs, personal interest or even at times fear. Obviously, there are challenges that generally remain associated with working towards achieving goals keeping in mind the intrinsic factors. These challenges can be met with establishing goals which are meaningfully personal, make those goals impossible or providing feedback on performance and finally aligning the set goals with the self esteem of the individual (McCotter, 2008). Curiosity is yet another factor which generally motivates employees. The concept talks about providing the individual with an environment that arouses curious intents in him. He can impersonate higher skills and reach a more desirable level if he inculcates these curious skills in him. In order to motivate an employee through curiosity, the leader should create an environment which stimulates his interest to learn more. People also like to have a feel that they are totally under the submittance of their destiny. To keep the workers motivated, the leader should understand the cause and effect relationship that lies between the action which they take in certain circumstance and the result that comes out of the action. This information can be used by the leaders in certain very crisp ways. Some of them are by making the cause and effect relationship that exists very clear after having established a goal and providing a reward for the same, or by making the workers believe from his end that whatever they are working on and the way they are working on is making a huge difference and at the same time, the work is remarkably good and finally, by allowing the individuals to choose from a wide range of options what exactly they wish to learn and how do they intend to learn the same. Competition, cooperation and recognition are certain other factors which can be used by the leaders to motivate their employees. Competition and likewise attitude is particularly successful because employees find a feeling of satisfaction when they find that they are competing with their fellow employees. When the employees win in any competition, they are likely to show better results with efficiency while if they lose, then the employees get de motivated, thus, the sense of competition necessarily provides that the employees will work harder for results with a positive outcome. Further, cooperating with fellow employees can be very motivating. For example, if a leader himself participates in any task which the employee finds difficult to solve, he definitely gets a feeling of cordiality. This feeling makes him motivated towards doing better work and attains better results. This concept of cooperation is a very precious skill that can be used in various situations in hard times for getting better results. Giving recognition for achievements makes the employees feel at home and if they are recognised, they feel encouraged. But of course, while recognising, the leader should avoid comparison with other employees. Organisational Examples We shall now take the example of a few organisational environments to understand this. EMCO Management built their team by recruiting foreign and home-grown students who were studying for an MBA or post-graduate qualification. The founder argued that any foreign student in the UK must be motivated already to pursue a post-graduate qualification. The approached worked well in recruiting skilled and intrinsically motivated team members but it did present problems. Managing a car parks security and business needs are not rocket science and the work specifications presented a fair amount of continuous repetitive work that the average post-graduate student will find frustrating. Restriction on student visas allows only for a certain amount of hours to be worked by foreign students and academic needs placed a further restriction on the shift schedule. The restrictions imposed on the shift schedule caused communication problems with information not carried over in the correct way. Self-este em and self-worth issues developed with employees being tired due to academic pressure, working 12-hour shifts, financial pressure and mistreatment by the general public. Claassen realised that despite the inherent motivation that most of his team possessed he still needed to motivated them. He set out by following Mark Davids Motivation Secrets. He shared his vision for the company with the team and pointed out that each member was recruited with a specific skill set in mind. He spoke to the team in their language, asking them about their personnel goals and how the company could help them to achieve it. He taught the employees how to fish. According to David the best managers develop their employees into self-sufficient, high-achieving professionals, by taking them to their next level of potential and by teaching them new skill sets. Claassen made a point of identifying new skills set, explained in clear terms what he expected and gave clear directions while setting benchmarks for progress. The goal of EMCO Management was to use motivation as a leadership tool to increase productivity and job satisfaction. Claassen did not just use Mark Davids Motiv ation Secrets he also implemented aspects of motivation theories. Conclusion Both EMCO Management and Forever Living applied motivation as part of their leadership strategy but it is important to note that in implementing motivational theories in practice there is a clear difference between leaders motivating employees within an organisation and management implementing motivational strategies according to a devised action plan. In conclusion, the implementation of content theories of motivation and process theories of motivation as a leadership tool will benefit any organisation. If the implementation of motivational theories are combined by leadership with other tools such as the rules that govern effective leadership motivation can be considered a very effective method as proven by the growth of McDonalds, the success of Darwin E Smith and the Hearts and Minds Approach of the American Military. References Abuhamdeh, S. and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2011). Attentional involvement and intrinsic motivation.Motivation and Emotion, 36(3), pp.257-267. Antonakis, J. and House, R. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), pp.746-771. Arnolds, C. and Boshoff, C. (2002). Compensation, esteem valence and job performance: an empirical assessment of Alderfer's ERG theory.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(4), pp.697-719. Bassett Jones, N. and Lloyd, G. (2005). Does Herzberg's motivation theory have staying power?.Journal of Mgmt Development, 24(10), pp.929-943. Block, L. (2003). The leadership culture connection: an exploratory investigation.Leadership Org Development J, 24(6), pp.318-334. Blunt, B. (1985). Measuring employee motivation.Performance + Instruction, 24(10), pp.6-6. Carmeli, A., Atwater, L. and Levi, A. (2010). How leadership enhances employees knowledge sharing: the intervening roles of relational and organizational identification.The Journal of Technology Transfer, 36(3), pp.257-274. Grahn, B. and Gard, G. (2008). Content and Concurrent Validity of the Motivation for Change Questionnaire.J Occup Rehabil, 18(1), pp.68-78. Hummel, J. (2014). Motivation: Origins of the Extrinsic/Intrinsic Debate.SOJP, 1(1). Hutton, W., Clements, J. and Sang, B. (2007). Public Leadership for the 21st Century Delivering Public Value through Entrepreneurship, Engagement and Rigour.Int Jnl Leadership in Pub Serv, 3(1), pp.47-51. Kotherja, O. and Rapti, E. (2015). The Importance of Motivation in Employees' Performance in Schools.Journal of Educational and Social Research. Leavitt, H. (1967). Leadership, Employee Needs and Motivation.PsycCRITIQUES, 12(7). Lens, W., Paixo, M. and Herrera, D. (2009). Instrumental motivation is extrinsic motivation: so what.Psychologica, (50), pp.21-40. Lutz, S., Lyon, T. and Maxwell, J. (2000). Quality Leadership when Regulatory Standards are Forthcoming.The Journal of Industrial Economics, 48(3), pp.331-348. Mathes, E. and Edwards, L. (1978). An Empirical Test of Maslow's Theory of Motivation.Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 18(1), pp.75-77. McCotter, S. (2008). What Do They Need?.Journal of Leadership Education, 7(1), pp.92-115. McGee, P. (2000). Persistence and Motivation.Computers in the Schools, 16(3-4), pp.197-211. Michael, H. and Green, L. (1982). The assessment of motivation within Maslow's framework.Journal of Research in Personality, 16(2), pp.179-192. Nye, J. (2013). Transformational and transactional presidents.Leadership, 10(1), pp.118-124. PATTEN, R. (1968). STRAIGHT-RUNWAY APPLICATION OF THE INCENTIVE-MOTIVATION BEHAVIOR-GUIDANCE THEORY.Psychological Reports, 23(3f), pp.1287-1294. Shamsi, T. (2014). Leadership: Managing a Multicultural Organization.SSRN Journal. Spector, B. (2015). Carlyle, Freud, and the Great Man Theory more fully considered.Leadership. Stratton, R. (2005). Motivation: Goals and Goal Setting.Strategies, 18(3), pp.31-32. Thakkar, J., Deshmukh, S. and Kanda, A. (2006). Implementing Six Sigma in service sector using AHP and Alderfer's motivational model - a case of educational services.International Journal of Six Sigma and Competitive Advantage, 2(4), p.353. Uusiautti, S. and Mtt, K. (2011). The Process of Becoming a Top Worker.IES, 4(4). WISDOM, J. (1963). The Refutability of Irrefutable Laws.The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, XIII(52), pp.303-306. Zaccaro, S. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership.American Psychologist, 62(1), pp.6-16.

History Impacts Intercultural Communication Essay Example

History Impacts Intercultural Communication Paper History Impacts Intercultural Communication †¢Why would it be important to examine the role of history in Intercultural Communication? When we examine the role of history in Intercultural Communication, we gain an understanding of how our past influences our communication skills with people from other cultures. We need to learn and understand why we communicate the way we do. It can be very helpful in improving our relations with other cultures. Studying the histories of cultures that are different from ours gives us a frame of reference that can lead to better intercultural communication. It is not only important to study the histories of other countries’ cultures but our own American subcultures as well. We need to understand where someone is coming from in order to communicate more effectively. †¢What are hidden histories and how might hidden histories affect intercultural interactions? Hidden histories are events of the past that are not widely known or taught. Most of the time, these histories have a negative connotation. They are not favorably viewed for one reason or another and so they have been suppressed. Usually, hidden histories revolve around controversial events such as the oppression of Native Americans or slavery. The ramifications of hidden histories are probably farther reaching than we know. All history, no matter how unfair or horrific, is important to intercultural communication. We need to learn from past mistakes and communicate between cultures to help each other overcome our differences and try to heal the damage that was created from those mistakes. †¢Compare and contrast family histories with national histories. Family histories are past events that happen within a family. We will write a custom essay sample on History Impacts Intercultural Communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on History Impacts Intercultural Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on History Impacts Intercultural Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are usually not recorded for future generations but they are passed down through the telling of stories from family members. These events happen at the same time as national and world historical events and sometimes might even be influenced by them. While family histories are typically only important to the members of our respective families; national histories are important to an entire nation and sometimes even the world. National histories are usually recorded in some way so as to preserve them for future generations to learn from. Typically, a nation will only teach its own history to its students and only touch upon the histories of other nations as they pertain to our own. How is the history of gays and lesbians relevant to intercultural communication? Whether mainstream society likes to admit it or not, gays and lesbians have their own sub-culture. It is a sub-culture that has existed since the beginning of time but has only recently been recognized as a reality. Homosexuals have a place in the histories of every culture throughout the world. As stated in a previous paragraph, all histories are important to intercultural communication. When we learn about and understand other cultures we create the ability to communicate more effectively with others. The history of gays and lesbians has a place within every culture so it is just as important to intercultural communication as any other histories are. How can we negotiate histories in interactions? When we interact with people from other cultures it is important to understand that there is a history behind how they view us and how we view them. Many cultures within our country, as well as throughout the world, have such different belief systems from ours that if we don’t make a point of learning about the history behind other belief systems then there could be a breakdown in communication. Of course, those with whom we interact should reciprocate by learning the histories that make us interact the way we do. When both parties take steps to understand each other then all interactions between the two will have a much better outcome.